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Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America

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Slavery existed in North America long before the first Africans arrived at Jamestown in 1619. For centuries, from the pre-Columbian era through the 1840s, Native Americans took prisoners of war and killed, adopted, or enslaved them. Christina Snyder's pathbreaking book takes a familiar setting for bondage, the American South, and places Native Americans at the center of her engrossing story.

Indian warriors captured a wide range of enemies, including Africans, Europeans, and other Indians. Yet until the late eighteenth century, age and gender more than race affected the fate of captives. As economic and political crises mounted, however, Indians began to racialize slavery and target African Americans. Native people struggling to secure a separate space for themselves in America developed a shared language of race with white settlers. Although the Indians' captivity practices remained fluid long after their neighbors hardened racial lines, the Second Seminole War ultimately tore apart the inclusive communities that Native people had created through centuries of captivity.

Snyder's rich and sweeping history of Indian slavery connects figures like Andrew Jackson and Cherokee chief Dragging Canoe with little-known captives like Antonia Bonnelli, a white teenager from Spanish Florida, and David George, a black runaway from Virginia. Placing the experiences of these individuals within a complex system of captivity and Indians' relations with other peoples, Snyder demonstrates the profound role of Native American history in the American past.

ISBN-13: 9780674064232

Media Type: Paperback

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Publication Date: 04-02-2012

Pages: 344

Product Dimensions: 6.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.30(d)

Christina Snyder is an Assistant Professor of American Studies and History at Indiana University.

What People are Saying About This

Kathryn Braund

Snyder skillfully explores Indian captive-taking, associated with warfare from the dawn of time, and its evolution and adaptation to new conditions after Europeans and Africans arrived and captivity was transformed into race-based slavery. Beautifully written, this is Indian and Southern history at its best.
Kathryn Braund, author of Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685-1815

Daniel K. Richter

Until Christina Snyder, no historian has told the story of the constantly evolving Native American tradition of enslavement that long pre-dated the arrival of Europeans and of Africans. Compellingly written and deeply researched, Slavery in Indian Country is a model of how foregrounding Native experiences can transform our understanding of American history. The "Slave South" will never look quite the same again.
Daniel K. Richter, McNeil Center for Early American Studies, University of Pennsylvania

Nancy Shoemaker

Deeply researched, authoritative, and indispensable, Slavery in Indian Country tells us how slavery as an institution changed from a kin-based to a race-based system and richly evokes what the experience of slavery meant to those who were enslaved.
Nancy Shoemaker, University of Connecticut

Adam Rothman

Snyder illuminates a world where slavery and survival went hand-in-hand, an era when native people were both masters and slaves, and a culture that only gradually learned to define slaves by the color of their skin. Her narrative sweep, unflinching analysis, and astonishing research make this a disturbing and powerful book.
Adam Rothman, Georgetown University

Peter Kolchin

A fascinating new perspective on slavery in the American South, especially valuable for understanding slavery's great variability and change over time, and for offering new insight into race and race-making.

Peter Kolchin, author of American Slavery

Table of Contents

  • List of Figures
  • Introduction

  1. Inequality, War, and Captivity
  2. The Indian Slave Trade
  3. Crying Blood and Captive Death
  4. Incorporating Outsiders
  5. Owned People
  6. Violent Intimacy
  7. Racial Slavery
  8. Seminoles and African Americans

  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Acknowledg ments
  • Index