Table of Contents
General Introduction 1
Chapter I Islamic Beginnings: Revelation, State Building, and Culture
Introduction 5
1 The Quran and Other Islamic Texts 12
2 Shiite and Sunni Views on Political Legitimacy 21
a Abd al-Hassan Ali al-Mawardi, On Choosing a Caliph 22
b Allama al-Hilli on the Shiite Imamate 24
3 Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina [Avicenna], The Ideal Muslim Intellectual 26
4 Rabia al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya, A Woman's Voice in Sufi Poetry 29
5 Abu al-Rayhum Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, A Muslim Scholar Examines Hinduism 31
Chapter II From the Coming of Steppe Peoples to the Age of Gunpowder Empires
Introduction 37
6 Disasters Strike the Muslim World 46
a Usamah ibn Munquidh, An Arab Perspective on the Crusades 46
b Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad 48
c Ahmad al-Maqrizi, The Bubonic Plague in Syria and Egypt 51
7 Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, Effective Rule and Dynastic Cycles 54
8 Shah Abbas and Emperor Jahangir Debate the Persian Conquest of Kandahar 58
9 Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Women's Lives 62
Chapter III Contradictions of Modernity: Imperialism and Social Change
Introduction 69
10 Decrees from the Ottoman Tanzimat 80
a The Gulhane Proclamation 81
b An Ottoman "Bill of Rights" 82
11 Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire 84
a Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Peasants 85
b Hanna Batatu, Political Centralization in Iraq and Kurdistan 88
c Donald Quataert, Manufacturing Workshops 92
d Alexander Scholch, European Trade with Palestine 95
12 Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Plan for Islamic Union 97
Chapter IV The Two World Wars and their Aftermaths
Introduction 103
13 Conflicting Promises During World War I 113
a Sharif Husayn ibn Ali, Desire for Arab Independence 113
b Sir Henry McMahon, Qualifying British Pledges 115
c The Sykes-Picot Agreement on Dividing up Arab Lands 116
14 Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Fate of the Armenians in World War I 119
15 Challenges to New Nations: Afghanistan, Turkey, and the Fertile Crescent 122
a Queen Soraya, The Liberation of Afghan Women 123
b Mustafa Kemal, Design for a Modern Secular Turkish State 125
c Halidé Edib [Adivar], Dictatorship and Reform in Turkey 127
d Michel Aflaq, Purifying the National Ideal: Baath Ideology 132
16 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Divide India; Create Pakistan 135
17 Peter J. Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Divide and Rule in British-Controlled Iraq 138
Chapter V Arabs and Zionists Struggle Over Palestine
Introduction 147
18 Zionism and its Early Arab Opponents 165
a Theodor Herzl, Zionism: The Vision of an Eventual Jewish State 165
b Rashid Rida, Pay Attention to Zionist Encroachment 168
c "Tiberias," Warning of Zionist Colonization 169
19 The Balfour Declaration and the Mandate Period 170
a The Balfour Declaration: AJewish Home in Palestine 170
b The General Syrian Congress, Our Objections to Zionism and Western Imperialism 171
c James Ramsay MacDonald, Letter to Chaim Weizmann 173
d Vladimir Jabotinsky, Let Us Settle Palestine and Transjordan 174
20 Palestine on Eve of World War II 176
a Ted Swedenburg, The Palestinian Revolt, 1936-39 177
b The Arab Response to the Proposed Partition of Palestine 182
c The British Government's White Paper on Palestine 184
d The Biltmore Program 186
21 The Creation of the State of Israel 188
a UN General Assembly, the Partition Plan: Resolution #181 189
b UN General Assembly, Palestinian Right of Return: Resolution #194 191
c The Israeli Knesset, The Law of Return 192
22 Arab Assertions: Out of Despair Revived Nationalism 193
a Nizar Qabbani, The Catastrophe of Arab Defeat 194
b Palestinian National Council, The National Charter 198
23 Reaching for Peace: United Nations Security Council Resolutions 201
a UN Resolution #242: Withdrawal from Occupied Territory 201
b UN Resolution #338: End the Fighting 203
24 Transformation of Palestinian Politics 203
a Yasir Arafat, We Recognize Israel 204
b Hanan Mikhail-Ashrawi, The Meaning of the Intifada 205
c Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement of Palestine (Hamas) 207
25 The Peace Process 211
a Principles of a Peace Agreement-Oslo, Norway 212
b Yitzhak Rabin, The Price of Occupation 214
c The Taba Negotiations 215
26 Impasse and New Intifada 221
a King Husayn I of Jordan, Eulogy of Yitzhak Rabin 221
b Ariel Sharon, Program for Dealing with the Palestinians 222
c Marwan Barghouti, Grassroots Leadership and the Second Intifada 225
d The Arab League, Ratification of the Peace Plan Proposed by Crown Prince Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia 228
e Palestinian Intellectuals' Urgent Appeal to Stop Suicide Bombings 230
f George W. Bush, A New and Different Palestinian Leadership 232
Chapter VI Geopolitics of Oil and the Cold War Conflict
Introduction 237
27 U.S. Presidential Policies, 1947-2002 244
a The Truman Doctrine 245
b The Eisenhower Doctrine 247
c George H. W. Bush, The New World Order 248
d William J. Clinton, The Battle Against. Terrorism 250
e George W. Bush, Beyond Containment and Deterrence to Preemptive Action 251
28 Intervention and Revolution in Iran 253
a Muhammad Mossadeq, Nationalizing Iranian Oil 254
b Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, Iran in Imperialism's Clutches 255
c Ervand Abrahamian, Democracy or Theocracy: Iran's Islamic Republic 257
29 OPEC and the World Economy 262
a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Getting Our Share 262
b Crown Prince Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz, Oil and the World Economy 263
30 Wars at the End of the Twentieth Century and the Beginning of the Twenty-First 266
a Joe Stork, The First Gulf War: Iran vs. Iraq, 1980-88 266
b The United Nations and the Second Gulf War: Security Council Resolution #687 269
c George H.W. Bush, The Second Gulf War and Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome 271
d Zbigniew Brzezinski, "Some Stirred-up Muslims": Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan 273
Chapter VII Ideologies, Movements, and Social Trends
Introduction 277
31 Egypt and Lebanon: Secularism and Confessionalism 288
a Jamal Abd al-Nasser, Arab Socialism 289
b Anwar Sadat, Infitah: Opening to the West 291
c The Taif Agreement: Syrian Influence over Lebanon 293
32 Early Ideologues of Islamic Radicalism 296
a Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taimiyya, Against Heretical Innovation 297
b Hasan al-Banna, Overcome Western Materialism 300
c Sayyid Qutb, Corruptions of the Modern World 303
33 Modern Islamic Radicalism 306
a Saad Eddin Ibrahim, Egypt's Islamic Militants 307
b Taliban Decrees about Women, Men's Beards, Children's Games and Music 310
Chapter VIII 9/11: Terrorism and Wars; Arab Citizens' Revolt
Introduction 317
34 The Threat of Osama bin Laden and American Responses 325
a Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders: The 1998 Fatwa 326
b George W. Bush, Hand Over Terrorists or Share Their Fate 328
c Congresswoman Barbara Lee, No Blank Check to President Bush 330
35 The Policy Debate 332
a George W. Bush, Battling the Axis of Evil 332
b Brent Scowcroft, Don't Attack Saddam 335
36 President Obama's Vision for New Beginnings in the Middle East: Cairo University, Egypt, June 4, 2009 337
37 WikiLeaks 344
a Saudi Royal Wealth: Where Do They Get All That Money? 346
b Corruption in Tunisia: What's Yours Is Mine 344
c Egypt Seen from the Inside 349
38 The Arab Citizens' Revolt 353
a Stuart Schaar, Arab Dictatorships Under Fire in the New Information Age 353
b Paul Amar, Why Mubarack Is Out 357
39 The Historical Context: The West and Islam 363
a Bernard Lewis, The Clash of Civilizations 363
b Edward W. Said, The Clash of Ignorance 367
c Stuart Schaar, Orientalism's Persistence in Mass Culture and Foreign Policy 372
Epilogue 377
Glossary 383
Select Bibliography 391
Index 399
