Table of Contents
1 |
Introduction |
1 |
1.1 |
Introduction |
1 |
1.2 |
Phonological description |
1 |
1.3 |
Contrastive analysis and foreign language acquisition |
6 |
1.4 |
Acknowledgments |
7 |
2 |
The Sounds of Portuguese |
9 |
2.1 |
Introduction |
9 |
2.2 |
Vowels |
9 |
2.3 |
Vowel reduction |
12 |
2.3.1 |
The lower mid vowels |
12 |
2.3.2 |
Other vowels |
13 |
2.4 |
Diphthongs and triphthongs |
17 |
2.5 |
Nasalization |
23 |
2.6 |
Consonants |
28 |
2.6.1 |
Phonetic realization of consonants |
31 |
2.7 |
Syllable types |
37 |
3 |
The Sounds of English |
41 |
3.1 |
Introduction |
41 |
3.2 |
Syllabic nuclei |
41 |
3.2.1 |
Vowel reduction |
45 |
3.3 |
Consonants |
47 |
3.3.1 |
Phonetic realization of consonants |
49 |
3.4 |
Syllable types |
55 |
4 |
Comparison of Phonological Units |
57 |
4.1 |
Introduction |
57 |
4.2 |
Portuguese vowels vs. English vowels |
58 |
4.3 |
Portuguese vowels and falling diphthongs vs. English syllable nuclei |
59 |
4.3.1 |
Portuguese /i/ vs. English /i/ and /t/ |
59 |
4.3.2 |
Portuguese /e/, /ei/ vs. English /e/ |
60 |
4.3.3 |
Portuguese /e/, /[varepsilon]/ vs. English /[varepsilon]/, /ae/ |
61 |
4.3.4 |
Portuguese /a/ vs. English /a/, /[Lambda]/ |
62 |
4.3.5 |
Portuguese /ai/, /au/ vs. English /ay/, /aw/ |
63 |
4.3.6 |
Portuguese /[characters not reproducible]s. English /[characters not reproducible] |
64 |
4.3.7 |
Portuguese /o/, /ou/ vs. English /o/ |
64 |
4.3.8 |
Portuguese /[characters not reproducible]/oi/ vs. English /[characters not reproducible] Portuguese /[characters not reproducible]/ei/ vs. English /e/ |
65 |
4.3.9 |
Portuguese /u/ vs. English /u/, /[characters not reproducible] |
66 |
4.3.10 |
Portuguese diphthongs without counterparts in English |
67 |
4.3.11 |
Portuguese diphthongs formed by vowel + /l/ |
67 |
4.4 |
Portuguese rising diphthongs and triphthongs vs. English consonant + vowel or diphthong |
68 |
4.5 |
Unstressed vowels |
69 |
4.6 |
Portuguese nasal vowels and diphthongs vs. English vowel + nasal consonant |
71 |
4.7 |
Portuguese consonants vs. English consonants |
72 |
4.7.1 |
Comparison of consonantal phonemes |
74 |
5 |
Comparison of Phonological Sequences |
81 |
5.1 |
Introduction |
81 |
5.2 |
Transition phenomena |
81 |
5.3 |
vowel sequences |
84 |
5.4 |
Consonant sequences |
86 |
5.5 |
Consonant + vowel sequences |
89 |
5.5.1 |
/n/ + vowel |
89 |
5.5.2 |
/r/ + vowel |
90 |
5.5.3 |
/l/ + vowel |
90 |
5.5.4 |
/s/ + vowel |
90 |
5.6 |
Postnuclear sequences |
90 |
6 |
Prosody |
92 |
6.1 |
Introduction |
92 |
6.2 |
Stress |
92 |
6.3 |
Pitch and sentence stress |
95 |
6.4 |
Intonation patterns |
98 |
6.4.1 |
Statement patterns: Ptg. (1) 2 1 [down arrow], (1) 2+ 1 [down arrow]; Eng. (2) 3 1 [down arrow] |
98 |
6.4.2 |
Yes/no questions: Ptg. (1) 2 2+ [up arrow], Eng. (1) 2 3 [up arrow] |
101 |
6.4.3 |
Questions with interrogative words: Ptg. (1) 2 1 [down arrow]; Eng. 2 3 1 [down arrow] |
102 |
6.4.4 |
Greetings: Ptg. 2 1 [down arrow], 2 2 [down arrow], 1 2 1 [down arrow], 2 3 1 [down arrow]; Eng. 2 3 1 [down arrow], 2 3 1 [up arrow] |
103 |
6.4.5 |
Contrastive statements: Ptg. (1) 2 3 1 [down arrow]; Eng. (1) 2 4 1 [down arrow] |
104 |
6.4.6 |
Sequences: Ptg. (1) 2 [rgiht arrow] 2 [right arrow] 1 [down arrow], (1) 2 [up arrow], 2 [up arrow], 1 [down arrow]; Eng. (2) 3 [right arrow] 3 [right arrow] 3 1 [down arrow]; 2 [up arrow] 2 [up arrow] 3 1 [down arrow] |
105 |
|
References |
109 |
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