Table of Contents
Section 1
What Is Motivation?
Question 1: What Is Motivation?
What Is Motivation, Where Does It Come from, and How Does It Work?
Carol S. Dweck, Matthew L. Dixon, and James J. Gross
Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation
Andrew J. Elliot
What Is Motivation?
Edwin A. Locke
Motivation Processes and Outcomes
Dale H. Schunk
Motivation Is the Interaction Between Dispositions and Context
Deborah Stipek
Motivation Is the State of Wanting Something. But Do We Want the Right Things?
Kennon M. Sheldon
Wanting to Feel Effective in Our Goal Pursuits for Both Outcomes and Process
E. Tory Higgins and Emily Nakkawita
Pleasure, Utility, and Goals: Motivation as a Value-Based Decision-Making Process
Sung-il Kim
Jingle-Jangle Fallacies in Motivation Science: Toward a Definition of Core Motivation
Reinhard Pekrun
Academic Self-Concept: A Central Motivational Construct
Geetanjali Basarkod and Herbert W. Marsh
Motivation Resides Only in Our Language, Not in Our Mental Processes
Kou Murayama
Insights Gained from Controversy #1
Section 2
What Are the Current Controversies in Motivation Science?
Question 2: Are Motivational Processes Universal Across Cultures and Contexts?
Does One Size Fit All? Cultural Perspectives on School Motivation
Dennis M. McInerney
Where Will Michelle Go to College? Culture and Context in the Study of Motivation
Paul A. Schutz
Can We Really Say that Motivational Processes Are Universal Across Cultures and Contexts?
Briana P. Green, DeLeon L. Gray, Elan C. Hope, and Jamaal S. Matthews
Vitamins for Psychological Growth: A Universal Foundation for Motivating Others
Bart Soenens and Maarten Vansteenkiste
Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect (BFLPE): Universality of Psychological Comparison Processes
Herbert W. Marsh and Geetanjali Basarkod
Insights Gained from Controversy #2
Question 3: Is There Such a Thing as "Good" Motivation and "Bad" Motivation?
Some Motivations Make Us Happier than Others
Kennon M. Sheldon
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Motivation
Nikos Ntoumanis
Less Is Sometimes More: Differentiating 'Must-ivation' from 'Want-ivation'
Maarten Vansteenkiste and Bart Soenens
Do We Sometimes Surrender Our Good Motivation for Bad? Some Reflections on the Quality of Motivation
Allan Wigfield
Good Versus Bad Motivation? Avoiding the Lure of False Dichotomies
Patricia A. Alexander
Insights Gained from Controversy #3
Question 4: Does Extrinsic Incentive (e.g., Rewards, Competition) Undermine Motivation?
Extrinsic Rewards Undermine Motivation in the Classroom… Sometimes
Eric M. Anderman
Extrinsic Incentives/Rewards - Short-Term Fix that Can Undermine Long-Term Motivation
Wendy S. Grolnick
Interest and Its Relation to Rewards, Reward Expectations, and Incentives
Suzanne E. Hidi and K. Ann Renninger
Competition Can Enhance Motivation-but Typically Undermines It
Johnmarshall Reeve
Insights Gained from Controversy #4
Question 5: Can We Control Our Motivation?
The Unconscious Sources of Motivation and Goals
John A. Bargh and Peter M. Gollwitzer
Two Routes to the Self-Regulation of Motivation and Goals
Peter M. Gollwitzer and John A. Bargh
The Uneasy Relationship Between Conscious and Non-Conscious Motivation
Timothy Urdan
Controlling Your Own Motivation Is an Acquired Skill
Christopher A. Wolters
A Key to Motivation Is Thinking and Acting like You Can Change Things
Erika A. Patall
Finding the Second Wind: Motivation Is Within Our Control
Ellen L. Usher
Insights Gained from Controversy #5
Question 6: Can You Distinguish Motivation from Cognition and Emotion?
Cognitions and Emotions Energize and Sustain Motivation
Dale H. Schunk
Dissecting the Elephant: Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation as Distinct but Intertwined Entities
Reinhard Pekrun
Exploring the Boundaries Between Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion: Theoretical, Empirical, and Practical Distinctions
Patricia A. Alexander
Transactions Among Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition: Blurring the Lines
Paul A. Schutz
Are Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion the Same or Different? Let's Abandon That Thinking
Kou Murayama
Insights Gained from Controversy #6
Question 7: What Are the Unanswered Questions and Unresolved Controversies in Motivation Study?
Understanding Motivation: So Much Is Known, So Much Left to Learn
Timothy Urdan
How Does Context Shape Motivation?
Mimi Bong
Is a Focus on Looking Smart Beneficial for Students' Engagement, Learning, and Achievement?
Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia
Is There a Need for Psychological Needs in Theories of Achievement Motivation?
Allan Wigfield and Alison C. Koenka
Should Theoretical Integration Occur in the Motivation Literature? Considering What, for Whom, and When
Alison C. Koenka and Allan Wigfield
Insights Gained from Controversy #7
Section 3
How Do We Motivate People?
Question 8: How Do We Motivate People?
How Do We Motivate People? Connecting to People's Existing Goals and Values
Carol S. Dweck
Creating a Motivating Learning Environment: Guiding Principles from Philosophy, Psychology, and Pedagogy
Patricia A. Alexander
Easy to Get People to Do Things, More Challenging to Facilitate Their Motivation
Wendy S. Grolnick
When It Comes to Motivating Others, What's Easy Is Not Always What Works
Erika A. Patall
Motivating People: It Depends on What, and It Depends on When
Eric M. Anderman
How Do We Motivate People? By Working with Their Self-Beliefs
Ellen L. Usher
A Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth
Reinhard Pekrun
How to Foster Motivation? The Need-Based Motivating Compass as a Source of Inspiration
Maarten Vansteenkiste and Bart Soenens
You Can Motivate Others by Nurturing Five Experiences that Satisfy Their Need for Autonomy: Authentic Inner Compass, Authentic Intentions, and Freedom
Avi Assor, Moti Benita, and Yael Geifman
Improving Social Contexts Can Enhance Student Motivation
Kathryn R. Wentzel
What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to Learn
Helen Patrick
Insights Gained from Controversy #8
Section 4
What Is the Future of Motivation Science?
Question 9: What Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Theory and Research?
Is Academic Motivation a Tree Trunk, a Fan, a Wall, a Rope, a Snake, or a Spear? No, It's an Elephant and It's on Fire
Ellen A. Skinner
Gaps in Contemporary Motivation Research: A Biopsychological Perspective
Andrew J. Martin and Emma C. Burns
Identifying the Role of Social Relationships in Motivating Students to Learn
Kathryn R. Wentzel
Most Motivation Research in Education Is Not Yet Useful for Teachers
Helen Patrick
Motivational Researchers Must Move Beyond Linear Models to Consider Motivational Processes as Part of a Complex System
Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia
The Most Fundamental Limitation in Motivation Theory and Research Is Our Theories
Eric M. Anderman
Infatuation with Constructs and Losing Sight of the Motivational Phenomenon
Avi Kaplan
Theoretical and Methodological Disintegration Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Research
Benjamin Nagengast and Ulrich Trautwein
Insights Gained from Controversy #9
Question 10: What Will Be the Most Significant Development in Motivation Science in the Next Decade?
The Next Decade: Making Motivation the Foundation of Psychology Again
Carol S. Dweck
Harnessing Biopsychology and Mobile Technology to Develop Motivation Science in the Next Decade
Andrew J. Martin, Emma C. Burns, Roger Kennett, and Joel Pearson
Digitization Will Bring Profound Changes in Educational Practice and Research on Motivation
Ulrich Trautwein and Benjamin Nagengast
Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic System
Avi Kaplan
Assessing Motivation Dynamically
Dale H. Schunk
Motivation in the Wild: Capturing the Complex Social Ecologies of Academic Motivation
Ellen A. Skinner, Thomas A. Kindermann, Justin W. Vollet, and Nicolette P. Rickert
Community-Engaged Research: The Next Frontier in Motivation Science
DeLeon L. Gray and Brooke Harris-Thomas
Insights Gained from Controversy #10
Show More